Epidemiology and Treatment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Essay

The Epidemiology and Treatment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a serious disease found mainly in the U.K. that effects cows and humans alike. Humans can get the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by eating beef contaminated with BSE. The exact cause of BSE has yet to be discovered, but there are many theories that suggest that the infectious agent of scrapie and mutated prions have something to do with it. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, more commonly known as Mad Cow Disease, is a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE). A TSE is a progressive disease believed to be caused by the folding (mutating) of prion proteins found in the brain and causing brain deterioration. Other forms of TSEs are scrapie, Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. TSEs are contracted either sporadically or by inheritance. In order for an animal or human to contract a TSE sporadically, they must not have had the mutant prion protein allele in their body prior to an infection of the said protein. When the prion enters the body, it causes a chain re...

Candidate Performance Evidence Record For Holistic Assessment Essay

Understand the importance of speech, language and communication for children’s overall development. Explain each of these terms: Speech: Communication via verbal means. The art of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or perceptions by the articulation of words. Language: Communication of thoughts and feelings through systematic signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Communication: To communicate is to be able to convey thoughts, information or feelings using signals, speech, body language, or by the written word. Speech, language and communication needs: A child who is diagnosed with a SLCN is experiencing a communication breakdown due to a difficulty with one or more of the different elements of speech, language or communication. This may be a minor, temporary or a long-term difficulty, which requires extra assistance to support the child’s development needs. Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children’s development: Learning, Speech and language skills allows a child to communicate and develop their skills. This enables them to participate in activities and allows them to share their opinions and develop their own ideas. Emotional, Speech and language skills enables a child to communicate how they’re feeling effectively. This helps towards their own social development and it also enables them to convey their emotions in a more socially accepted way. Behaviour, speech and language skills enable a child to learn and understand boundaries and limits. This encourages a child to learn to behave in an appropriate and acceptable way. Social, Speech, language and communication skills support social development as a child can start to recognise how others feel by watching their body language and listening to what they say and learn to adjust their behaviour accordingly. Children also start to understand social codes and how to behave appropriately. This helps children to start to bond relationships with their peers and learn social skills they will use throughout life. Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and longer term. For a child that is experiencing problems with speech, language and  communication it can affect a lot of aspects of their development: social, behaviour, emotional and learning will all be impacted. In most cases a child will catch up but this is not always the case and could lead to difficulties throughout their life. With some children their disability cannot be prevented, but early intervention is just as vital as those with less severe difficulties to help give a child the best possible support that they need. The impact of these difficulties will vary according to the severity of the problem. Early identification is paramount to offer a child as much help to develop their skills as much as possible. Short term affects: Frustration: A child will become easily frustrated at not being able to tell you what they want or if something is upsetting them. Anger: A child will easily become angry at being unable to communicate their needs. Withdrawn: A child may seem withdrawn and tend to play by themselves more. Understanding games and play their peers are doing will be difficult for them to understand. Low levels of confidence: A child may lose confidence in themselves. They won’t have to confidence to approach others as they don’t have the communication skills to be understood. Difficulties in friendships: (socialising) A child may be left behind as their peers communicate and build relationships. Difficulties in learning new information: Lack of communication will leave a child finding it hard to learn new information. Listening to game rules and adapting them into practice will be difficult and the child may not have the ability to ask for help or for the instructions to be repeated. Unwanted behaviour: They may be labelled naughty from acting out but the problem could be stemming from frustration on not being able to articulate their needs. Or they may not have understood the verbal instructions given and labelled as being defiant or thought to be misbehaving. Longer term affects: Lower self-esteem: Lack of speech, language and communication skills may leave an adult with low self-esteem. Will find it hard to achieve a career, social life and may feel isolated to the outside world. Not achieved their potential: Will find following any career hard to do. May not have done well in school. Find it hard to make and maintain relationships: May find it hard to achieve any friendship. May have never bond a relationship or family life. Become isolated: If never found solid friendship or a career, may feel isolated at home. Money and lack of friendship may restrict any outings. Not reach independence: Lack of employment may have never given them the freedom to leave the family home. Developed anti-social behaviour in some cases: High levels of speech, language and communication difficulties are found among the young offender population (Bryan, 2004). Low education, speech and literacy difficulties are risk factors for offending (Tomblin, 2000). A person with speech language and communication skills can have a huge impact on literacy development, Academic achievement, social relationships and personal skills, self-esteem and confidence levels, emotional and behaviour. This can impact further on employment, socialising, and everyday life  chances. Understand the importance and the benefits of adults supporting the speech, language and communication development of the children in own setting. Explain the ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during early years. There are a number of ways an adult can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development with children during the early years. As a childcare practitioner I need to adapt my own language to the ability and age of the child. If a child uses English as a second language or not yet using speech themselves, I may point to an object and simply say what it is. When offering them a piece of apple at snack, I may just offer it out to the child and say â€Å"apple.† or when it is nap time and placing them on their sleep mat, simply say â€Å"nap time.† or â€Å"lay down.† if they keep getting up. I may accompany that with an action as if I was laying down too. When a child passes me an item or toy I would say what the item is. Say if a child passes me a car I would say â€Å"car.† This gives the child an opportunity to repeat the word back to me and start to recognise what the item is. A child I look after needs daily cream on his skin. When it comes to time for me to put it on, I always smile and say â€Å"*his name* cream† he started by smiling and repeating this back. Now as soon as I get the cream out he says it before I do. This has helped him understand it’s his cream and seems to put him more at ease when I do apply it. Singing and action songs help bring on a child’s speech, they will start by listening, in time start to follow the actions and later on start singing some of the words which will eventually lead to singing the full song. For instance ‘wheels on the bus’ is sung most days with-in nursery. A child may start doing the actions for the doors open and shut, or the horn goes beep, beep, beep. In time they will sing â€Å"open and shut† and â€Å"beep, beep, beep† along with the action for the song. There was one child in nursery that used to sing â€Å"all day long† at random intervals throughout the day. When I heard him sing this, I used to try and sing the song and involve the other children too. As a child starts to grow older I’ll use simple sentences. Instead of just holding out a piece of apple and saying â€Å"apple.† I will ask â€Å"would you like some apple?† when passing over the apple say â€Å"thank you.† And encourage the child to say â€Å"thank you† too. When a child is playing with some bricks try to ask what they’re building. Or if they’re a little younger say â€Å"are you building?† always giving a child an opportunity to reply and never replying for them. This helps a child learn simple conversation skills. Copying and extending helps when developing children’s speech skills. Say if a child points to a car and says â€Å"car† say â€Å"yes, it is a yellow car.† I could try and say â€Å"is it a fast car?† to try and encourage a reply from the child, even a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† is a good start in early years communication. If they’re more advanced I would say â€Å"do you think it is a fast car?† and try to promote a conversation with the child. Looking through books and reading is another way to support speech, language and communication skills. For a baby, I would read the story and just point to the pictures and say what the object is or the name of the character. As they get a little older, ask them to point to the object or character â€Å"where is the balloon?† As they progress I may ask them what just happened in the story, the questions getting more advanced as the child’s skills develop. From reception age in school, children are given books to take home to read. This act helps parents get involved in their child’s development. I try to encourage the parent to ask their child questions while reading the book. This helps the parent to see if their child is understanding the story they’re reading and also promotes communication skills for the child. Homework is also given to the child and the same rule applied, I’ve asked the parents to look through the homework after a child has finished or while they’re still doing the homework. Encourage parents to play games with the children. If a child has particularly enjoyed playing a game that afternoon, say a game of snap. Tell the parents and mention it may be fun to do at home if they get the chance. A child will communicate and talk more while having fun. Explain the positive effects of adult support for the children and their carers. As a practitioner I need to make positive, professional relationships with a child’s carer. There should be a two-way flow of knowledge and information between parents and myself about their child’s speech, language and communication development. For example, a setting needs to know the words or gestures that a child uses at home, and parents will appreciate being told about the rhymes and songs that their child enjoys in nursery so that they can repeat them at home. You should be celebrating each child’s successes with parents, being enthusiastic and sharing the high aspirations you have for their child’s progress. Parents should be confidently contributing to their child’s learning and development record and being kept well informed about their child’s progress. As a practitioner I need to make sure that hand gestures and signals are the same as the ones being used at home. I don’t want to be using one signal for lunchtime and the child’s carer is using a different one at home. This would lead to confusion for the child and could possibly hinder their learning. A parent will more than likely be happy to run through what they do at home and will also help to build the parents confidence in what I’m doing to help the child achieve their communication skills goals. We need to be singing from the same sheet to help the child as much as possible. I need to demonstrate to parents that their contributions are valued. For example, I need to think carefully about how I would respond, both verbally and non-verbally, to a parent who tells me that their child knows all the words to ‘The Wheels on the Bus’ when I know that in the setting the child doesn’t join in at all. Do I think ‘I’m not sure that’s true’ while saying to the parent ‘oh yes’ in a noncommittal way, or do I ask them what other rhymes the child likes to sing, make a note of them and then reflect on what may be inhibiting the child from singing in the setting? An effective setting should be sharing its good practice with parents, and also indicating to them where they can receive extra support or advice about children’s speech, language and communication development. Most children’s  centres provide support groups or training for parents. Basically the support I give to a child and their carer, whether it be advice on how to promote speech, language communication at home, just listening to what a parent says about their child and being a friendly ear, offering help in finding a support group or training can have an impact on a child’s future and help a parent/carer to help/guide their child to the child’s full capabilities. If a parent feels confident in what I’m doing just a child will, they’ll talk more to me and we can together make their child’s learning journey a positive one. Explain how levels of speech and language development vary between children entering early years provision and need to be taken into account during settling in and planning. Every child is different and children learn at different speeds, not only this but the personality of a child needs to be taken into account. Some children are very daring and upfront, while others may be a little shy and not want to jump into an activity at first, may need a little coaxing. Before a child’s first day, I should have met the parents, they come for an initial one hour visit with their child, this gives me a chance to speak and meet the parents/carers as well as the child. Gives me chance to find out a little more about the child, what stage they may be at and I can see how they get themselves around the nursery. This is also day one of building a relationship with the parent and child. This meeting gives me a chance to plan on the childs second visit which is a hour on their own in the room. I will have an idea if the child needs me to sit with them, maybe just read a story or play a game. Try to comfort them and distract them from the fact their carer is not there. Or if the child is very outgoing, they may prefer this first opportunity to explore the room, play with the other children. In this case I would try to set up a group activity, for example get out some paper and crayons or open the sand pit. In both cases I will try to get as much information as I can via an activity to find more out about what learning stage a child is at so that I can plan for when they start nursery  what I need to be doing. One child may start nursery knowing basic language skills, be able to say â€Å"Mum† â€Å"Dad† â€Å"Car† â€Å"Cat† â€Å"Dog† ect†¦ Another of the same age may just be babbling or may even not be saying anything at all yet. It is important I e.stablish pretty quickly where a child is, to help them achieve their next stage.

Advertisements Are Reflective Of Culture - 1391 Words

Advertisements are reflective of culture. Therefore understanding them is crucial to understanding culture. Advertisements not only are trying to sell products but words and images to manipulate the public. Stuart Hirschberg informatively states â€Å"[the] intent of all advertising is to persuade specific audiences† (Hirschberg, p. 291). In the Spring 2017 Calvin Klein advertisement, the company uses the Aristotelian elements â€Å"pathos,† â€Å"logos,† and â€Å"ethos,† and rhetorical strategies by Stuart Hirschberg and William Lutz to drive to now only buy their clothing, but that the purchase of Calvin Klein clothes will lead to a happier life. In the clothing giant’s advertisement there is a couple, a man and a women standing on the one-third from†¦show more content†¦The use of openness operates as a link to the company seeming ‘open:’ open to diversity, gay rights, transgender rights, etc. The viewer also gets pulled ba ck into time by the use of Andy Warhol’s piece and the sight of Elvis. Using Elvis effectively appeals to the history technique of â€Å"the need to belong takes a subtler form of offering the product as a way to become part of a time in the past the audience might look back to with nostalgia† (Hirschberg, p. 294). The picture of Elvis shows him in a button down shirt and jeans, something that goes along with what the models are wearing. Viewers then subconsciously put together that if Elvis is wearing Calvin Klein then therefore they should too. Not only does using the artwork appeal to history but also it transfers Andy Warhol and Elvis into the clothing. This advertisement is not alone in using the transfer technique. Stuart Hirschberg describes this phenomenon as: The single most important technique for creating this image depends on transferring ideas, attributes or feelings from outside the product onto the product itself. In this way the product comes to represent an obtainable object or service that embodies, represents, or symbolizes a whole range of meanings. (Hirschberg, p. 292) By transferring Andy Warhol’s art into the clothing it seems like he is endorsing the clothing. Therefore everything Andy Warhol represents being a pioneer and a visionary, gets cast into CalvinShow MoreRelatedMass Media Usage813 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Media Usage Mass media has become a powerful tool in shaping our culture, and is largely reflective of our society today. 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How Technology Has Changed Society - 1134 Words

Surgeries Whether it is the technology that allows us to peer deep into the body or medicines that extend the lives of those with chronic diseases, it is easy to see how advances in health and medicine have touched the lives of nearly every person on the planet. (Childs) In order to fully understand the effect technology has on society, we must know what technology means. Technology is simply the application of science in our daily lives.(Biggs) It’s using scientific research to supply our needs and resolve our problems. With this being said, technology has helped in many aspects of life, including the medical field. Imagine what life was like in the past without the scientific technologies we have today. Imagine a world without vaccinations, antibiotics, medicines, or medical procedures technology has allowed us to do today. Technological advancements have helped humans in many ways and one specific example is when it comes to treating patients in hospitals through surgery. The goal of surgeries is to extend lives and prevent any crucial illnesses. Surgeries have helped patients who suffer bad illnesses that can kill them to gain more hope in life. Nowadays, surgery can be as painful as an ant bite as opposed to back one hundred years ago when people would actually die because of the surgery and not because of the disease or illness they had. Health back in the ancient times was never under control because of lack of knowledge in diseases and many functions of theShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Society869 Words   |  4 PagesDigital media, smart phones, computers and technology is the fastest growing concepts in our World today. They have changed the way our society does everything. Technology has made a considerable transformation in how we communicate, pay bills, check the weather and much more. Technology has made such an impact on our society today that most people won t leave home without their cell phone. 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Psychological Impact On Substance Abuse Prevention

Psychological Impact According to Federal Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, women are the fastest-growing segment for substance abuse in the United States. About 2.7 million women in the United States abuse drugs or alcohol. Women typically enter rehab sooner than men, but they have more psychological distress, and are more likely to suffer from a mood or anxiety disorder (Liff, 2012). Most research on gender-based differences in addiction treatment has focused on organizational issues (such as the greater need to provide women with child care and employment training) rather than on pharmacology. Where addiction really takes a toll is emotionally and spiritually. When a woman is an alcoholic or addict, it can impact the entire†¦show more content†¦Women are more likely to be diagnosed as having â€Å"borderline personality disorder† (BPD) more often than men. Many of the descriptors of BPD can be viewed differently when one considers a history of childhood and adult abuse. Solutions, Treatments, and Interventions Historically, substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation programs have developed with the primary focus on men. Counselors focused primarily on the addiction and paid little attention to other issues. However, the individual and specialized needs of women and girls have been all but ignored over the years. Recently though, some facilities have begun to develop gender specific treatment programs so women and men can focus on their recovery without interference and distractions from the opposite sex. Gender specific treatment is more than just separating males and females on the basis of sex. It takes into account the unique characteristics of women’s psychological development and needs. Traditional substance abuse programs may not be effective in treating women’s and girl’s substance abuse problems. According to one theory called RCT, females develop a sense of self and self-worth when their actions arise out of, and lead back into, connections with others. Recent gender-specific prevention programs with positive results address stress, depression, social assertiveness, and body image. Other issues include domestic violence, sexual and other types of

European Economic and Monetary Union Free Essays

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a single currency area within the European Union single market in which people, goods, services and capital move without restrictions. It creates the framework for economic growth and stability and is underpinned by an independent central bank and legal obligations on the participating Member States to pursue sound economic policies and to coordinate these policies very closely.As trade between the EU Member States reaches 60% of their total trade, EMU is the natural complement of the single market. We will write a custom essay sample on European Economic and Monetary Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now This market will work more efficiently and deliver its benefits more fully with the removal of high transaction costs brought about by currency conversions and the uncertainties linked to exchange rate instability. EMU and the economic performance of the Euro area will have their largest external effects on neighboring economies in western Europe and on developing and transition countries with important trade and financial links to Europe, including countries that link their currencies to the Euro. Among emerging market economies, those likely to be most affected are the transition countries of the central and Eastern Europe and the Baltics.The global environment has been favorable in a number of respects for the transition to EMU and the achievements of its objectives. The strong demand for euro-area exports from industrial countries at more advanced stages of the business cycle and the depreciation of the currencies of euro area countries over the past four years fostered a strengthening of growth in the euro area and helped to offset the effects of the Asian crisis. There are also challenges for EMU in the global economic environment: The crisis in Asia and other emerging market economies could produce adverse spillover effects and make the monetary policy more difficult to carry out. The continuation of the crisis could result in weakening of the external demand, which, in turn, could dampen confidence and domestic demand. The financial market volatility could increase the uncertainty in assessing the economic indicators. The economic crisis in emerging markets could influence the commercial banks in the euro- area to make substantial provisions for non-performing loans. It is, of course, impossible to predict the properties of the behavior of the exchange value of the Euro. With regard to broad trend, it seems likely that the Euro will tend to appreciate against the U.S. dollar and pound sterling over the next few years, but depreciate against the Japanese yen when Japan†s economic recovery begins. The United Kingdom and the United States have reached relatively advanced stages of their cyclical upswings, with resources more fully utilized than in the euro area, the Euro†s initial value comparing to the pound and the U.S. dollar can reasonably be considered to be below its medium-term equilibrium. As the economic recovery in Europe proceeds and the growth in the U.K. and U.S. economies slows, the Euro will most likely appreciate against those currencies. On the other hand, Japan economy remains in the critical position. The resumption of moderate growth will lead to a recovery of the yen. Thus Euro is expected to depreciate against the yen over the next few years. According to some widely made predictions: Euroland’s capital markets, from equities to corporate bonds to municipal finance, will grow exponentially in coming years as the removal of cross-border currency risk drives pan-European markets. The Euro will stand alongside the dollar as the second-most-important currency in the world, reflecting its coming role in global trade and finance as well as its common usage by 290 million Euroland citizens. The new central bank has been given the independence to pursue price stability as a primary objective. This feature will affect the credibility of the ECB positively and thus the investors would see the Euro as a stable store of value in the next decade. Once the single currency takes effect, the national central banks of the euro area will reduce their international reserve holdings. Trade within the euro area will be denominated in a single currency and will no longer need to be backed by international reserves. Estimates of the EMU countries† resulting surplus of international reserves range from $50 billion to $230 billion. The scenarios that are presented in the European Commission Forward Studies Unit†s report regarding the economic situation in Europe towards the year 2010, reflect the possibilities rather fairly. I personally find the report an accurate study containing precise predictions. Out of the five futures for Europe, I think the Scenario No.3 seems the most logical and possible theory to occur. The reason I chose this particular scenario is because it focuses on the following issues: Transformation of the public sector Efforts to include Eastern Europe Agreements on unemployment issues Turning hierarchical pyramids on their heads Although in some countries public administrations such as central, regional and local government have started to make preparations for the introduction of the Euro, in general the evidence is that such organizations have taken few practical steps to prepare for the changeover. The grounds mainly are that they have plenty of time because they operate largely at the ‘retail end of the marketplace’ and that they will need to await the circulation of the new notes and coins. The view of the Federation des Experts Comptables Europeens (FEE) is that this is a risky and potentially costly strategy and that early preparation is essential to reduce both risks and costs. Public administrations therefore ought to be preparing their own management and operations systems now for the changeover to the Euro according to advice issued by FEE. In the near future, member states would often present the Commission with their convergence programs, which would also assess long term prospects for the public sector. These programs would indicate the durability of deficit cuts in the countries whose public economies have been urgently trimmed to meet Euro conditions. Economic growth and structural reforms to reduce cost pressures on the budget are permanent methods but, for example, special taxes need to be supplemented by corrective measures to ensure permanent budget discipline. Indeed, the views of member states about the long term public economy could diverge when their euro-eligibility is assessed and the choice of euro members has to be explained to the public. The European Union is currently being enlarged to include the transition countries of the Baltics and Eastern Europe. The countries that intend to join the union will need to show progress toward meeting the Maastricht criteria. Potential EU members must overcome a number of challenges. They need to progress with privatization and to continue to reduce government involvement in their economy while disassembling monopolies, removing trade restrains and developing flexible labor markets. Six countries-Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia-have received favorable opinions from the Commission on their applications. These countries have already made good progress in meeting the guidelines of the treaty. In this particular scenario No.3, the accession negotiations of the Union with Turkey is mentioned. I personally think without the contributions of the Eastern Europe and the Baltics the future objectives of the Euro and the European Union can not be accomplished. Especially the future admission of Turkey to the Union is vital regarding the geographical position of this country, which not only connects Europe to Asia but also, forms a bridge of culture, a common ground between people from different horizons. However the Union still ignores the importance of Turkey†s role in various agreements and settlements made between Europe and Asia which are vital for the future of EU. But in the next decade as it starts to see the big picture, the efforts of the Union to include the Eastern Europe in the game would increase remarkably. Strong growth will allow further progress in reducing the euro zone’s high jobless rate. Some of the member†s unemployment rate decreased drastically by keeping the game close to the euro zone standards. Job growth has been spurred by record low interest rates, a result of cuts from high levels to assure euro zone convergence. Low rates are fueling domestic demand, especially consumer spending and construction. Business investment is also gaining. Still, global weakness is depressing exports, and that’s why job growth is expected to slow a bit in the second half. Even as construction, agriculture, and services, especially tourism, post solid growth, manufacturing jobs fell . The governments plan to cut prices in regulated utilities, likely to be followed by efforts to reform pricing in retail distribution and certain services. Some member countries have a lot of employees who want to work more hours. So automatically a connection is established between the government and the public. In 2010 the governments together with other businesses, local authorities and community associations would continuously try to move the obstacles in the way and make it easier for the unemployed citizens to find a job in a satisfying environment. â€Å"Turning hierarchical pyramids on the heads†. That phase itself made this scenario No.3 look more real than the others. Europe has a long history and the Europeans have lived through more dramatic events than any other culture of the world. It is now time to give the people of Europe something special. Only but only if † the hierarchical pyramids† are turned on their heads, will the Europeans thoroughly support the EMU and the Euro. Transformation of the public sector, efforts to include Eastern Europe and the efforts on the critical unemployment issue are all a part of the strategy in the new epoch † Shared Responsibilities†. It is now time that people take the real issue in their hands and get in charge. The times when everything is expected from the governments are over. For the professional organizations of Europe the launch of the Euro presents an important organizational and even philosophical challenge. By bringing down barriers to cross-border trade, the Euro makes a pan-European perspective crucial for efficient and effective operations. Many companies are, therefore, focusing on changing their culture, not their organizational structure. To be successful, Europeans will no longer be able to look at themselves as operating with complete autonomy; rather, they will have to see themselves as operating within a federation of businesses that, while independent, share common responsibilities. How to cite European Economic and Monetary Union, Essay examples

Sports Management Report

Question: Using Tennis Aus as the NSO, prepare a report with 10 references with Harvard style referencing on a seperate page. Answer: Introduction In recent times sports fraternity is facing illegitimate issues that obstructs its standard and integrity. Sportspersons are following some practices like use of drugs, energy boosting medicines, match fixing that affects the efficiency of performing the sport (WANG, Jianghong and WANG 2015). Tennis Aus, a National Sports Organization has taken initiative through integrity guidelines and policies to spread awareness. Policies on anti- doping The organization has taken measures to spread awareness and education on anti-doping. Many athletes consume medicines and supplements to boosts the power to perform (Barkoukis et al. 2016). These substances are banned and considered as an unethical practice (Gowthorp, Greenhow and OBrien 2016). Therefore, management and board members have taken step to educate the sportspersons and members through anti doping policies. The committee has also arranged to conduct regular anti- doping tests. Policies on illicit drugs Consumption of drugs is another malpractice followed by many people. It is also an illegal and prohibited act. Addiction of taking drugs has constantly affected the standards of sports fraternity (Smith and Stewart 2015). Hence, the committee of Tennis Aus has set out some guidelines in providing education to sportspersons and members with respect to prohibition on using illicit drugs (Masters 2015). The management has also planned to conduct examination on illicit drug test over a regular time- period. Match fixing policies Mach fixing is the most common malpractice conducted by sportsperson to earn money. It involves bookies as a mediator who fixes the loss or win of a match before it gets start (Tak, Sam and Jackson 2016). Match fixing is a crime that hinders the benchmark in sports reputation and standard (Neirotti 2015). Hence, the management of Tennis Aus has structured a framework ensuring society in conducting the profession of sports with honesty and sincerity. The committee has taken measures to enhance the knowledge among sportspersons to be responsible and trustworthy. Policies on protection of members Every organizations core responsibility is protecting its members. Protection with respect to education, best training facilities, best sports equipments has been arranged by the management in the guidelines (De Waegeneer, Van De Sompele and Willem 2015). The board members of Tennis Aus have also arranged to entertain complaints and grievances on members, athletes as well as for staffs. It has also arranged facilities for child protection and child education to enhance the sport spirit among people. Principles on sports science and medicine Tennis Aus has also considered the principles on science and medicines aspect of sports. The management has taken measures on providing qualified and best coaches for the purpose of training (Coad et al. 2015). The organization has structured its policy in terms of best and fine quality of training to get the best performance results of the aspirants (Garvican-Lewis et al. 2015). Along with that, the management has also arranged the medical facilities, which is an essential requisite during the training session. Conclusion As the profession in sports field is growing with each passing day, it is very important to perform it with sincerity and honesty. It will help in maintaining the principles and standards; each sport is required to have. Guidelines and policies to stop the malpractices in performing the sports with loyalty is a major step taken by Teniss Aus Organization. Reference List Barkoukis, V., Kartali, K., Lazuras, L. and Tsorbatzoudis, H., 2016. Evaluation of an anti-doping intervention for adolescents: Findings from a school-based study.Sport Management Review,19(1), pp.23-34. Coad, S., Mclellan, C., Whitehouse, T. and Gray, B., 2015. Validity and reliability of a novel salivary immunoassay for individual profiling in applied sports science.Research in sports medicine,23(2), pp.140-150. De Waegeneer, E., Van De Sompele, J. and Willem, A., 2015. Ethical Codes in Sports Organizations: Classification Framework, Content Analysis, and the Influence of Content on Code Effectiveness.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-12. Garvican-Lewis, L.A., Halliday, I., Abbiss, C.R., Saunders, P.U. and Gore, C.J., 2015. Altitude exposure at 1800 m increases haemoglobin mass in distance runners.Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,14, pp.413-417. Gowthorp, L., Greenhow, A. and OBrien, D., 2016. An interdisciplinary approach in identifying the legitimate regulator of anti-doping in sport: The case of the Australian Football League.Sport Management Review,19(1), pp.48-60. Masters, A., 2015. Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the field of policy.Policy and Society,34(2), pp.111-123. Neirotti, L.D., 2015. Management and leadership related to sport and the environment.Sport Management and the Natural Environment: Theory and Practice, p.53. Smith, A.C. and Stewart, B., 2015. Why the war on drugs in sport will never be won.Harm reduction journal,12(1), p.1. Tak, M., Sam, M.P. and Jackson, S.J., 2016. The politics of countermeasures against match-fixing in sport: A political sociology approach to policy instruments.International Review for the Sociology of Sport, p.1012690216639748.